Reactions to Trauma:
Know the Signs

The effects of trauma vary from person to person. While some people recover over time, others can carry lasting emotional, psychological or even physical scars. Approximately 70% of adults in the U.S. have experienced at least one traumatic event, with trauma often showing up in ways that extend far beyond emotional distress, in the form of chronic pain, headaches, gastrointestinal issues and other physical manifestations (World Health Organization).

Trauma is not solely defined by diagnoses like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which represents only one part of a much broader spectrum of how people process distressing events. For many, trauma can lead to feelings of sadness, anger, disconnection or fear that might not meet the criteria for a formal diagnosis but still impact their well-being.

Common reactions to trauma

Responses to trauma may differ from one person to the next, but there are some common signs to be aware of, including:

• Nightmares or sleep disturbances
• Flashbacks or reliving aspects of the traumatic event Uncontrollable or intrusive thoughts Feelings of guilt, shame or sadness
• Emotional numbness or disconnection from others
• Irritability or frequent angry outbursts
• Avoiding people, places or situations that serve as reminders
• A sense of isolation or feeling misunderstood Thoughts of self-harm or harm to others (in severe cases)

How trauma affects children

Children often express trauma differently than adults. Their reactions may include:

• Withdrawal from friends or social activities
• Regressive behaviors such as bedwetting or thumb-sucking
• Reluctance to leave the house or interact with others
• Refusing to speak or sudden changes in communication patterns
• Complaints of unexplained physical issues, like stomachaches or headaches

These actions are not always signs of misbehavior, but may rather be a child’s way of processing overwhelming emotions. Understanding the signs of trauma and normalizing their reactions is the first step in creating a supportive environment for recovery. Encourage those struggling to seek help from a professional who can provide the tools and care necessary for healing.